Zinyalala za solar zikuyembekezeka kuwonjezeka ndi 4000 peresenti m'zaka khumi zikubwerazi.Kodi makampani opanga zinthu zogwiritsa ntchito solar panel akonzeka kugwira ntchito ndi ma voliyumu amenewa?Chifukwa cha kufunikira kwa mapanelo atsopano akuchulukirachulukira komanso zopangira zikusoweka, mpikisano ukupitilira.
Solar panelkukonzanso zinthu kukukhala kovuta.Zofunikira ku njira yaku UK ya zero, mphamvu yadzuwa ndi njira yosatha komanso yokhazikika kwa mabizinesi ndi mabanja, ndipo ikukula mwachangu.
Mu 2021, UK idawonjezera 730MW yamphamvu yadzuwa yatsopano, kutengera voliyumu yonse kufika 14.6GW, chiwonjezeko cha 5.3 peresenti kuchokera ku 2020, ndipo - mgawo lachiwiri la 2022 - mphamvu yadzuwa idathandizira 6.4 peresenti yamagetsi onse aku UK.Mkati mwa Epulo la Epulo la Energy Security Strategy, dipatimenti ya Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) idatsimikiza kuti, pofika chaka cha 2035, kutumizidwa kwa dzuwa ku UK kukuyembekezeka kuchulukitsa kasanu, kutengera kuchuluka kwa 70GW: pafupifupi 15 peresenti ya zomwe akuyembekezeredwa ku UK. (ndi kuwonjezeka) zofunikira zamagetsi, malinga ndi McKinsey.
Nkhani yomwe yangotsala pang'ono kutha ndi zomwe angachite pamagetsi adzuwa akafika kumapeto kwa moyo wawo wazaka 30.Pamene kukula kwa msika kukukulirakulirabe m'tsogolomu, momwemonso mulu wochulukira wa zinyalala za dzuwa.Malinga ndi bungwe la International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), dziko la UK likuyembekezeka kupanga matani 30,000 a zinyalala za dzuwa m'zaka khumi zikubwerazi.Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa mapanelo osokonekera akunenedweratu kuti afika pamsika mu 2030s, pomwemapanelo a dzuwakuchokera ku Zakachikwi kuyamba kufooka.IRENA ikuneneratu kuti zinyalala zapadziko lonse zochokera ku mapanelo adzuwa zidzakhala pakati pa matani 1.7 miliyoni ndi 8 miliyoni mu 2030.
Kupitilira apo, kulepheretsa kupezeka kwa zida zopangira zinthu kumasokonekera, kufunikira kwa mapanelo omwe akhazikitsidwa kupitilira kupezeka kwa zida zomwe zidalibe.
Kupanikizika kukukulirakulira kuti makampani opanga ma solar awonjezere mphamvu zake kuti athe kuthana ndi kukwera kwa mapanelo omwe asokonekera ndikuthandizira kupanga ma sola atsopano.Mu Julayi, Sam Vanderhoof, katswiri wamakampani oyendera dzuwa, adanenanso kuti - padziko lonse lapansi - mapanelo amodzi okha mwa magawo khumi a photovoltaic (PV) amangogwiritsidwanso ntchito pomwe ena onse amathera kutayira, kutanthauzanso za data kuchokera ku IRENA.
Malamulo & kutsata
Ku UK,mapanelo adzuwa amagawidwa movomerezeka ngatiZamagetsi ndi ZamagetsiZida(EEE), pansi pa Gulu lodzipatulira la 14. Momwemo, mapepala a PV amaphimbidwa ndi Malamulo a Waste EEE (WEEE) Regulations;kutha kwa moyo wawo kumayang'aniridwa ndipo chitukuko cha zipangizo zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za dzuwa zikuyenda kale.
Opanga ma sola akuyenera kulowa nawo mu Producer Compliance Scheme (PCS), kupereka malipoti matani omwe atulutsidwa pamsika ndikupeza zolemba kuti akwaniritse kukonzanso kwamtsogolo kwa mayunitsiwo.Ayeneranso kuyika malonda kuti alangize ogwiritsa ntchito ndi malo opangira chithandizo cha zinthu zomwe zilipo komanso kutayika koyenera.
Nthawi yomweyo, ogulitsa amayenera kutolera zinthu zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha.Ayenera kukhala ndi njira yobwezera zinyalala za PV kapena kupereka nawo gawo lovomerezeka ndi Boma lobwezera.
Komabe, malinga ndi a Scott Butler, Chief Executive of Material Focus, NGO yomwe imathandizidwa ndi ndalama zoyendetsera WEEE, pali zinthu zina zomwe zingakhudze kubwezeretsanso ma sola: mabanja.Ngakhale kuti ndi katundu wapakhomo, sizinthu zomwe anthu ambiri azitha kudzisamalira okha.
"Ndikuganiza kuti kuchotsedwako kuyenera kukhala ndi katswiri wolembetsa zamagetsi zamagetsi ... ndipo atha kukhala chinsinsi chowongolera [zinyalala].Ngakhale zingakhale zovuta chifukwa sakonzekera kuwononga zinyalala, sikovuta kukhala wonyamulira zinyalala.”
Butler akunena kuti mapanelo adzuwa omwe akuyandikira kutha kwa moyo atha kukhala ovuta kuwagwiritsanso ntchito chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa kupanga: "Pankhani yobwezeretsanso, ndikuganiza kuti vuto la PVs likhala kumvetsetsa chemistry chifukwa, makamaka poyambira, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe ikuchitika.Zinthu zomwe ziyamba kutuluka tsopano ndizakale kwambiri, zaka 20 ndizovuta kwambiri.Chifukwa chake mwina pali kusiyana kwachidziwitso komwe kungafunike kulumikizidwa kuti ndani wayika chiyani pamsika ndi chiyani. ”
Njira zobwezeretsanso
Njira zobwezereranso mapanelo zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi mawonekedwe a solar panel, omwe ambiri amakhala opangidwa ndi silicon.Amadziwika kuti amatha kukwanitsa komanso kusinthasintha, ma solar solar a silicon adapanga gawo la 73.3 peresenti ya msika mu 2020;filimu yopyapyala imakhala ndi 10.4 peresenti ndipo mapanelo opangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zina (zotengera utoto, zowoneka bwino za photovoltaic, ma organic hybrids) amayimira 16.3 peresenti yotsalayo (Chowdhury et al, 2020).
Akasonkhanitsidwa, aliwonseChithunzi cha PVndizovuta disassemble.Chimango cha aluminiyamu ndi bokosi lolumikizira likhoza kuchotsedwa mokwanira;gawo lovuta ndi pepala lagalasi la laminated lathyathyathya, lomwe lili ndi zitsulo zochepa zachitsulo komanso zopanda chitsulo, mapulasitiki ndi zinthu za semiconductor.Ponena za mayankho a chithandizo, vuto silili laukadaulo, monga pyrolysis, kupatukana kwa cryogenic (kuzizira), ndi kuwotcha kwamakina kulipo ngati njira zolekanitsa zazinthu zosiyanasiyana.Vuto lalikulu ndilakuti mapanelo a PV satulutsa zinyalala zomwe zimafanana ndi zinyalala zolongedza kapena zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi moyo waufupi.Chifukwa chake, funso lalikulu ndilachuma: ndani adzayika ndalama pamzere wamankhwala omwe sadziwa kuti zinyalala zidzafika liti?
Makanema amafilimu opyapyala amakhala ndi njira yochizira, yomwe imafunikira njira zina zowonjezera kuti chitsulo cha 'cadmium telluride' chibwezeretse bwino chilengedwe.Ngakhale kusankha kocheperako, mapanelo amafilimu opyapyala amakhala ndi zinthu zowoneka bwino, amakhala ndi semiconductor yocheperako, kupulumutsa pamtengo ndi kaboni panthawi yopanga.Mapanelowa amagwira ntchito bwino powala pang'ono komanso pamakona 'zambiri', othandiza pamawonekedwe oyima ndi ma facade.
Kuti mubwezeretsenso zidazo, mapanelo opyapyala a filimu ya PV amaphwanyidwa kuti achotse lamination, ma shards olimba ndi amadzimadzi asanasiyanitsidwe ndi screw yozungulira.Kanemayo amachotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito asidi ndi peroxide, kenako amachotsa zinthu za interlayer ndi kugwedezeka, pamene galasi ndi zitsulo zotsala zimalekanitsidwa ndikuchira.
Solar panel recycling pa sikelo
Ngakhale njira zaposachedwa zobwezeretsanso zikuchulukirachulukira, pakali pano 80 mpaka 95 peresenti yokha ya zida zopangira solar zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zibwezeretsedwenso ndizomwe zabwezedwa.Kuti apititse patsogolo izi, kampani yoyang'anira zinyalala ya Veolia ikutsogolera projekiti yobweretsa kukonzanso kwa solar pamlingo wamafakitale, mu projekiti yomwe ikupitilira yothandizidwa ndi EIT RawMaterials.ReProSolar ikupanga njira yabwino kwambiri yobwezeretsanso mapanelo omaliza a moyo, kulola kuti zigawo zonse za silicon-based PV module zibwezeretsedwe.
Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa delamination kuti mulekanitse selo la dzuwa ndi mbale yagalasi, njira zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala zimabwezeretsanso zida zonse, kuphatikiza siliva wangwiro ndi silicon, osawononga ma module a PV.
Mothandizana ndi FLEXRES GmbH ndi ROSI Solar, awirimakampani aukadauloomwe akupanga njira zatsopano zopezeranso zopangira kuchokera ku mapanelo a PV, pulojekitiyi idzayesa kuthekera kwa mafakitale kumapeto kwa chaka, ndi matani 5,000 a ma module a PV ochotsedwa omwe azikonzedwa chaka chilichonse pamalo owonetsera ku Germany mu 2024.
Kugulitsa njira yonse yobwezeretsanso ndikofunikira kuti muthe kuthana ndi vuto lomwe lilipo pamsika, kubweretsa kuchuluka kwa zida zobwezeretsedwa za PV kuti zikwaniritse kufunikira kwa mapanelo ndikusamalira kuchuluka kwa zinyalala za solar.
Kupindula kwakukulu pazachuma kungapangidwe kuchokera pakubwezeretsanso zida zamtengo wapatali za PV pomwe kufunikira kukukulirakulira.Siliva, mwachitsanzo, pomwe amawerengera 0.05 peresenti ya kulemera kwa gulu, amapanga 14 peresenti ya mtengo wake wamsika.Zitsulo zina zamtengo wapatali komanso zobwezeretsedwa ndi aluminiyamu, mkuwa, ndi tellurium.Malinga ndi Rystad Energy, ngakhale zida zobwezeredwa pamapanelo a PV otsiriza ndizofunika $170 miliyoni, zikuyenera kukhala zamtengo wapatali kuposa $2.7 biliyoni mu 2030.
Kupanganso ma solar panel
Kuphatikiza pazatsopano zapadziko lonse lapansi zobwezeretsanso solar panel, mapangidwe a mapanelo akuganiziridwanso ndikugwiritsanso ntchito m'maganizo.Bungwe la Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) linavumbulutsa mapanelo awo adzuwa a 'Design for Recycling' (D4R) omwe angopangidwa kumene mu Disembala 2021, opangidwa poganizira za kutha kwa moyo.Mapanelo, okhala ndi moyo woyesedwa wazaka 30, adapangidwa kuti azitha kusokoneza mosavuta popanda kuwononga zida.
Mapanelo, ophimbidwa ndi zojambulazo zomatira, amakhala ndi njira yolumikizira yolumikizira ma cell ndi mafelemu.Njirayi imakhala yochepa mphamvu ndipo imaphatikizapo zinthu zopanda poizoni.
Kafukufukuyu ali ndi ma projekiti awiri, yoyamba ndi pulojekiti ya DEREC, yomwe idalingalira ndikuyesa mapanelo a D4R pang'ono kuti awonetsetse kuti akuphwanyidwa bwino potsatira moyo woyeserera.Pulojekiti ya PARSEC idzakulitsa ukadaulo mpaka mapanelo akulu a D4R kuti agwiritse ntchito malonda ndi nyumba.
Ngakhale ndi mapaneloopangidwapafupifupi zaka 30 zapitazo zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta kwa obwezeretsanso, mapanelo a D4R amatha kufewetsa zobwezeretsanso kuti zipititse patsogolo bizinesiyo.Ndipo, kuwonjezera pa mapanelo atsopano, consortium ikufufuza njira zobwezeretsanso zamitundu yamakono ya solar, kuti ikwaniritse kupeza kwa silicon koyenera kugwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Pomaliza
Kuphatikiza apo, zatsopanozi zikuwonetsa lonjezano poyang'ana kwambiri zamalonda, ngakhale nkhawa ikadalipo ngati sikelo yofunikira idzakwaniritsidwe, ndi magulu onse awiri omwe adasokonekera komanso kufunikira kwa atsopano kukuwonjezeka.Komabe, ngati zoyesayesa zamalonda zikuyenda bwino, ndipo ngati mapulani opangira mapanelo kuchokera kuzinthu zobwezerezedwanso atha kuperekedwa, makampani opanga ma solar akuyang'ana chuma chozungulira cholimba.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jan-11-2023